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How Many Animals In The World Are Gay

Written By Saturday, May 28, 2022 Add Comment Edit

Couple of two male mallard ducks in a nature reserve in Deutschland

For these animals, there is documented evidence of homosexual beliefs of 1 or more of the following kinds: sex, courtship, affection, pair bonding, or parenting, as noted in researcher and author Bruce Bagemihl's 1999 book Biological Exuberance: Animal Homosexuality and Natural Diversity.

Bagemihl writes that the presence of same-sex sexual behavior was not "officially" observed on a large scale until the 1990s due to observer bias caused by social attitudes towards nonheterosexual people, making the homosexual theme taboo.[two] [iii] Bagemihl devotes three chapters, "Two Hundred Years at Looking at Homosexual Wildlife", "Explaining (Away) Creature Homosexuality" and "Not For Breeding Only" in his 1999 book Biological Exuberance to the "documentation of systematic prejudices" where he notes "the present ignorance of biological science lies precisely in its single-minded attempt to discover reproductive (or other) 'explanations' for homosexuality, transgender, and non-procreative and culling heterosexualities."[four] Petter Bøckman, academic adviser for the Against Nature? exhibit, stated "[M]any researchers have described homosexuality as something altogether unlike from sex. They must realize that animals can accept sex with who they will, when they will and without consideration to a researcher's ethical principles." Homosexual behavior is institute amidst social birds and mammals, particularly the sea mammals and the primates.[iii]

Sexual behavior takes many unlike forms, fifty-fifty within the same species and the motivations for and implications of their behaviors have nonetheless to be fully understood. Bagemihl'due south research shows that homosexual behavior, not necessarily sexual activity, has been documented in almost v hundred species as of 1999, ranging from primates to gut worms.[2] [v] Homosexuality in animals is seen as controversial by social conservatives because it asserts the naturalness of homosexuality in humans, while others counter that it has no implications and is nonsensical to equate natural animal behaviors to morality.[6] [7] Sexual preference and motivation is ever inferred from behavior. Thus homosexual beliefs has been given a number of terms over the years. The correct usage of the term homosexual is that an brute exhibits homosexual behavior, nevertheless this commodity conforms to the usage by modernistic research,[viii] [ix] [10] [11] applying the term homosexuality to all sexual behavior (copulation, genital stimulation, mating games and sexual display behavior) between animals of the same sex.

Mammals [edit]

Selected mammals from the total list
  • Birdie
  • Bison[12]
  • Bonobo[13]
  • Brown behave[14]
  • Brown rat[15]
  • Cavy[fifteen]
  • Caribou[16]
  • Cat (domestic)[17]
  • Cattle (domestic)[18]
  • Chimpanzee[19] [20] [21] [22]
  • Common dolphin[23]
  • Common marmoset[24]
  • Canis familiaris[25]
  • Dolphin[26]
  • Elephant[27]
  • Fob[28]
  • Giraffe[three] [29] [30]
  • Goat[12]
  • Horse (domestic)[31]
  • Human[32] [33] [34]
  • Koala[35]
  • Lion[32]
  • Orca[23]
  • Panda
  • Raccoon[36]

Birds [edit]

Selected birds from the full list
  • Barn owl[37]
  • Chicken[38]
  • Mutual gull[39]
  • Emu[xl]
  • House sparrow[41]
  • Kestrel[37]
  • King penguin[42]
  • Mallard[43]
  • Ostrich[twoscore]
  • Raven[44]
  • Rock dove[45]

Fish [edit]

Arctic grayling (Thymallus arcticus) leaping for a fly fisherman's bait. Research going back to the 1950s has shown both male person and female graylings showroom homosexual behavior.[46]

  • Amazon molly[47]
  • Anglerfish
  • Blackstripe topminnow[48]
  • Bluegill sunfish[48]
  • Char[46]
  • Grayling[46]
  • European bitterling[49]
  • Light-green swordtail[49]
  • Guiana leaffish[fifty]
  • Houting whitefish[46]
  • Jewel cichlid[51]
  • Least darter (Microperca punctulata)[49]
  • Mouthbreeding fish sp.[48]
  • Salmon spp.[52]
  • Southern platyfish[49]
  • 10-spined stickleback[49]
  • 3-spined stickleback[49]

Reptiles [edit]

The all-female Whiptail lizard species Aspidoscelis neomexicanus (center), which reproduces via parthenogenesis, is shown flanked by two sexual species having males, A. inornatus (left) and A. tigris (correct). Research has shown that simulated mating behavior increases fertility for Aspidoscelis neomexicanus. One female lies on acme of another, playing the role of the male, the lizard that was on lesser has larger eggs, in well-nigh cases. The lizards switch off this role each mating season.[53]

  • Anole sp.[54]
  • Disguised dragon[55]
  • Bluish-tailed day gecko (Phelsuma cepediana)[56]
  • Broad-headed skink[49]
  • Checky whiptail lizard[55]
  • Chihuahuan spotted whiptail lizard[55]
  • Common ameiva[55]
  • Common garter snake[49]
  • Cuban green anole[54]
  • Desert grassland whiptail lizard[55]
  • Desert tortoise[57]
  • Fence cadger[55]
  • V-lined skink[49]
  • Aureate dust day gecko (Phelsuma laticauda)[56]
  • Gopher (pine) snake[48]
  • Green anole[54]
  • Inagua curlytail lizard[55]
  • Jamaican giant anole[54]
  • Laredo striped whiptail lizard[55]
  • Largehead anole[54]
  • Mourning gecko[58]
  • Plateau striped whiptail cadger[55]
  • Ruddy diamond rattlesnake[49]
  • Red-tailed skink[49]
  • Republic of seychelles giant tortoise[59]
  • Side-blotched lizard[55]
  • Speckled rattlesnake[49]
  • Water moccasin[49]
  • Western rattlesnake (Crotalus viridis)[49]
  • Western banded gecko[58]
  • Whiptail lizard spp.[55]
  • Wood turtle[54]
  • Blue-tongued skink

Amphibians [edit]

  • Appalachian woodland salamander[lx]
  • Black-spotted frog[61]
  • Mountain dusky salamander[60]
  • Tengger desert toad[54]

Insects [edit]

Male homosexuality has been inferred in several species of dragonflies. A survey of damsel and dragonflies reveals characteristic cloacal pincher mating impairment in twenty–80 per centum of the males, indicating a fairly high occurrence of sexual coupling betwixt males.[62] [63]

Male flour beetles appoint in aforementioned-sexual activity coupling to practice mating and to rid themselves of "old, less effective" sperm.[64]

  • Alfalfa weevil[65]
  • Australian parasitic wasp sp.[65]
  • Edible bean weevil sp.[65]
  • Bedbug and other bug spp.[66] [67]
  • Blister beetle spp.[68]
  • Blowfly[68]
  • Broadwinged damselfly sp.[69]
  • Cabbage (pocket-sized) white (butterfly)[lxx]
  • Checkerspot butterfly[70]
  • Order-tailed dragonfly spp.[71]
  • Cockroach spp.[72]
  • Mutual skimmer dragonfly spp.[71]
  • Creeping h2o bug sp.[73]
  • Cutworm[74]
  • Digger bee[75]
  • Dragonfly spp.[71]
  • Eastern behemothic ichneumon wasp[65]
  • Eucalyptus longhorned tapping[73]
  • Field cricket sp.[76]
  • Flour protrude[64]
  • Fruit fly spp.[77]
  • Glasswing butterfly[70]
  • Hypoponera opacior emmet[78]
  • Grape berry moth[79]
  • Grape tapping[73]
  • Green lacewing[80]
  • Hen flea[eighty]
  • Firm fly[81]
  • Ichneumon wasp sp.[65]
  • Japanese scarab beetle[82]
  • Larch bud moth[79]
  • Large milkweed bug[67]
  • Large white[67]
  • Long-legged wing spp.[83]
  • Mazarine blue[67]
  • Mexican white (butterfly)[67]
  • Midge sp.[83]
  • Migratory locust[84]
  • Monarch butterfly[70]
  • Narrow-winged damselfly spp.[69]
  • Parsnip leaf miner[83]
  • Pomace fly[83]
  • Queen butterfly[seventy]
  • Red pismire sp.[83]
  • Red flour beetle[67]
  • Reindeer warble fly (Hypoderma tarandi)[83]
  • Rose chafer (Macrodactylus subspinosus)[83]
  • Rove protrude spp.[67]
  • Scarab beetle (melolonthine)[85]
  • Screwworm wing[83]
  • Silkworm moth[79]
  • Southeastern blueberry bee[75]
  • Southern green stink bug[67]
  • Southern masked chafer[83]
  • Southern i-year canegrub[83]
  • Spreadwinged damselfly spp.[69]
  • Spruce budworm moth[79]
  • Stable fly sp.[83]
  • Stag beetle spp.[67]
  • Tsetse fly[83]
  • H2o boatman issues[67]
  • Water strider spp.[67]

Other invertebrates [edit]

  • Claret-fluke[86]
  • Box crab[87]
  • Harvestman sp.[88]
  • Hawaiian orb-weaver (spider)[88]
  • Incirrate octopus spp.[87]
  • Jumping spiders[88]
  • Mite sp.[83]
  • Spiny-headed worm[89]

See also [edit]

  • Against Nature?, an exhibit at the University of Oslo's Natural History Museum that took place until 19 August 2007.
  • Anthropomorphism
  • Behavioral ecology is the study of the ecological and evolutionary basis for animal beliefs
  • Biodiversity
  • Bioethics
  • Biology and sexual orientation
  • Ethology is the scientific study of animal beliefs, and a co-operative of zoology; cerebral ethology fuses cognitive science and classical ethology to observe animals under more-or-less natural conditions
  • Evolutionary biology
  • Homosexual behavior in animals § Birds
  • Innate bisexuality
  • Sexual selection

Bibliography [edit]

  • "Gay Penguins Resist 'Disfavor Therapy'". 365Gay.com. xi February 2005. Archived from the original on 29 September 2007. Retrieved 16 June 2010.
  • Bagemihl, Bruce (1999). Biological Exuberance: Animate being Homosexuality and Natural Multifariousness. St. Martin's Press ISBN 0-312-19239-8
  • Caramagno, Thomas C (2002). Irreconcilable Differences? Intellectual Stalemate in the Gay Rights Debate; Praeger/Greenwood, ISBN 0275977218.
  • Cooper, J.B. "An Exploratory Study on African Lions" in Comparative Psychology Monographs 17:1-48.
  • Cziko, Gary (2000) The Things We Do: Using the Lessons of Bernard and Darwin to Sympathize the What, How, and Why of Our Beliefs; MIT Press, ISBN 0262032775.
  • de Waal, Frans B. 1000. (2001) The Ape and The Sushi Master: Cultural Reflections by a Primatologist; Basic Books (affiliate Bonobos and Fig Leaves).
  • Dunkle, Southward.W. (1991), "Head damage from mating attempts in dragonflies (Odonata:Anisoptera)". Entomological News 102, pp. 37-41. Retrieved on xvi June 2010.
  • Eaton, R. L. (1974). "The Biology and Social Behavior of Reproduction in the Lion" in Eaton, ed. The World'due south Cats, vol. Ii; pp.iii-58; Seattle.
  • Forger, Nancy G., Laurence 1000. Frank, S. Marc Breedlove, Stephen E. Glickman (6 December 1998). "Sexual Dimorphism of Perineal Muscles and Motoneurons in Spotted Hyenas"; The Journal of Comparative Neurology, Book 375, Issue 2, Pages 333 - 343. Retrieved 11 September 2007.
  • "Gay Animals: Alternating Lifestyles in the Wild". Live Science. 20 September 2011. Retrieved 19 June 2018.
  • Goudarzi, Sara (sixteen November 2006). "Gay Animals Out of the Closet?: Beginning-ever Museum Display Shows 51 Species Exhibiting Homosexuality". MSNBC. Retrieved on 12 September 2007.
  • Harrold, Max (February 16, 1999). "Creature Comforts". The Advocate. No. 779. pp. 61–62. Retrieved March 10, 2018. In his news book, Biological Exuberance: Animal Homosexuality and Natural Variety ... author Bruce Bagemihl portrays an animal kingdom that embraces a whole spectrum of sexual orientations ... [and] paints a complex mosaic that resembles humanity ... At 751 pages and with photos and documentation of homosexual behaviour in more than 450 species of mammals, birds, repties, and insects, Biological Exuberance brings the dusty facts to light every bit Bagemihl deconstructs the all-heterosexual Noah'due south Ark we've been sold.
  • Holekamp, Kay Due east. (2003). Enquiry: Spotted Hyena - Introduction and Overview. Michigan Land University, Department of Zoology]. Retrieved 16 June 2010.
  • Kick, Russ (2001). You Are Being Lied to: The Disinformation Guide to Media Distortion, Historical Whitewashes and Cultural Myths. The Disinformation Company, ISBN 0966410076. Retrieved on 18 Nov 2007.
  • "The Science of Sexual activity". nineteen September 2007. Archived from the original on 2007-xi-08. Retrieved xvi June 2010.
  • Liggett, Dave; Columbus Zoo and Aquarium staff. "African Forest: Bonobo". Columbus Zoo and Aquarium. Archived from the original on June 2, 2002. Retrieved November 14, 2011. ...frequent sex (including male person-to-male and female-to-female) characterize bonobo society.
  • News-medical.net (23 Oct 2006). "1,500 Animal Species Exercise Homosexuality" Retrieved on 10 September 2007.
  • Poiani, Aldo (2010). Creature Homosexuality: A Biosocial Perspective. Cambridge University Press.
  • Roselli, Charles E., Kay Larkin, John A. Resko, John N. Stellflug and Fred Stormshak (2004). "The Volume of a Sexually Dimorphic Nucleus in the Ovine Medial Preoptic Area/Inductive Hypothalamus Varies with Sexual Partner Preference". Endocrinology, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Oregon Wellness & Scientific discipline University (C.Eastward.R., M.50., J.A.R.), Portland, Oregon; Department of Animal Sciences, Oregon State University (F.Due south.), Corvallis, Oregon; and Agricultural Inquiry Service, United States Sheep Experiment Station (J.Northward.S.), Dubois, Idaho, Vol. 145, No. 2. Retrieved on x September 2007.
  • Roughgarden, Joan (2004). Evolutions Rainbow: Multifariousness, Gender and Sexuality in Nature and People; University of California Printing, Berkeley, pages p.13-183.
  • Schaller, G. B. (1972). The Serengeti Lion; Academy of Chicago Press.
  • Smith, Dinitia (seven Feb 2004). "Love That Dare Not Squeak Its Name" New York Times. Retrieved on 10 September 2007. Reprinted as "Key Park Zoo's Gay Penguins Ignite Contend", San Francisco Chronicle.
  • Sommer, Volker & Paul L. Vasey (2006). Homosexual Behaviour in Animals, An Evolutionary Perspective. Cambridge Academy Press, Cambridge; ISBN-10: 0521864461.
  • Srivastav, Suvira (15 Dec-31 December 2001). "Lion, Without Lioness"
  • Stein, Edward (1999) The Mismeasure of Desire: The Scientific discipline, Theory, and Ethics of Sexual Orientation; Oxford Academy Press, United states of america; ISBN 0195142446.
  • Tatarnic, Nikolai J., Gerasimos Cassis, Dieter F. Hochuli; 22 March 2006 "Traumatic insemination in the plant issues genus Coridromius Signoret (Heteroptera: Miridae)" Biology Letters Journal Volume two, Number 1, pg 58-61: Royal Club Publishing; Retrieved sixteen June 2010.
  • Terry, Jennifer (2000) "'Unnatural Acts' In Nature: The Scientific Fascination with Queer Animals"; GLQ: A Periodical of Lesbian and Gay Studies (six(2):151-193; OI:10.1215/10642684-6-two-151); Duke University Printing.
  • Utzeri, C. & C. Belfiore (1990): "Dissonant tandems in Odonata". Fragmenta Entomologica 22(ii), pp. 271-288. Retrieved 11 September 2007.
  • Vasey, Paul Fifty. (1995), "Homosexual Behaviour in Primates: A Review of Evidence and Theory"; International Journal of Primatology xvi: p 173-204.
  • Wilson, Anna (2003). "Sexing the Hyena: Intraspecies Readings of the Female Phallus". Signs. University of Chicago Press. 28 (3): 755–790. doi:10.1086/345320. JSTOR 10.1086/345320.
  • Zimmer, Carl (2000); Parasite Rex: Inside the Bizarre Earth of Nature'southward Almost Dangerous Creatures; Simon and Schuster, ISBN 0743213718. Retrieved eighteen November 2007.

References [edit]

  1. ^ Smith (February 7, 2004)
  2. ^ a b Bagemihl (1999)
  3. ^ a b c News-medical.internet (2006)
  4. ^ Bagemihl (1999) page 213
  5. ^ Harrold (1999)
  6. ^ Solimeo (2004)
  7. ^ Solimeo (2004b)
  8. ^ Bagemihl (1999) pages 122-166
  9. ^ Roughgarden (2004) pp.13-183
  10. ^ Vasey (1995) pages 173-204
  11. ^ Sommer & Vasey (2006)
  12. ^ a b Bagemihl (1999) page 405
  13. ^ Hohmann, G.; Fruth, B. (July 2000). "Use and role of genital contacts among female bonobos". Animal Behaviour. 60 (1): 107–120. doi:10.1006/anbe.2000.1451. ISSN 0003-3472. PMID 10924210. S2CID 39702173.
  14. ^ Bagemihl (1999) page 441
  15. ^ a b Bagemihl (1999) page 469
  16. ^ Bagemihl (1999) pages 388,389
  17. ^ Bagemihl 1999) pages 81, 88
  18. ^ Bagemihl (1999) pages 81, 82, 89
  19. ^ de Waal (2001)
  20. ^ Liggett (1997–2006)
  21. ^ Imaginova (2007j)
  22. ^ Bagemihl (1999) pages 276–279
  23. ^ a b Bagemihl (1999) page 339
  24. ^ Bagemihl (1999) page 334
  25. ^ Bagemihl (1999) pages 310, 314
  26. ^ proper noun="Biol. Exuberance: Dolphin
  27. ^ Bagemihl (1999) page 427
  28. ^ Bagemihl (1999) pages 218, 231, 317
  29. ^ Bagemihl (1999) page 391
  30. ^ Imaginova (2007d)
  31. ^ Bagemihl (1999) pages 81, 165, 205, 226, 231
  32. ^ a b Bagemihl (1999) page 432
  33. ^ Sell RL, Wells JA, Wypij D (June 1995). "The prevalence of homosexual beliefs and allure in the The states, the United Kingdom and French republic: results of national population-based samples". Archives of Sexual Behavior. 24 (3): 235–48. doi:10.1007/BF01541598. PMID 7611844. S2CID 12929812.
  34. ^ Wellings, Thou., Field, J., Johnson, A., & Wadsworth, J. (1994). Sexual behavior in Britain: The national survey of sexual attitudes and lifestyles. London, UK: Penguin Books.[ page needed ]
  35. ^ Bagemihl (1999) page 455-457
  36. ^ Bagemihl (1999) folio 448
  37. ^ a b Bagemihl (1999) pages 632-5
  38. ^ Bagemihl (1999) pages 83
  39. ^ Bagemihl (1999) pages 544-eight
  40. ^ a b Bagemihl (1999) folio 621-6
  41. ^ Bagemihl (1999) pages 602-v
  42. ^ 365 Gay.com (2005)
  43. ^ Bagemihl (1999) pages 491-5
  44. ^ Bagemihl (1999) pages 606-10
  45. ^ Bagemihl (1999) folio 639
  46. ^ a b c d Bagemihl (1999), page 665
  47. ^ Bagemihl (1999), page 37
  48. ^ a b c d Bagemihl (1999), pages 658, 664
  49. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n Bagemihl (1999), page 658
  50. ^ Bagemihl (1999), page 664
  51. ^ Bagemihl (1999), pages 658, 665
  52. ^ Bagemihl (1999), pages 232, 233, 244
  53. ^ LeVay, (xix September 2007)
  54. ^ a b c d e f thou Bagemihl (1999), page 657
  55. ^ a b c d e f 1000 h i j thousand Bagemihl (1999), page 657, 658
  56. ^ a b Budzinski, R.-K. (1997) Homosexuelles Verhalten bei Geckos der Gattung Phelsuma. Sauria 19 (3): 33-34
  57. ^ Bagemihl (1999), pages 232, 664
  58. ^ a b Bagemihl (1999), pages 663–664
  59. ^ Turns out this 186-year-old tortoise has a gay lover
  60. ^ a b Bagemihl (1999), pages 657, 658
  61. ^ Bagemihl (1999), pages 243, 664
  62. ^ Dunkle (1991)
  63. ^ Utzeri (1990)
  64. ^ a b Out magazine, By The Numbers sourced to the Journal of Evolutionary Biology; February 2009. Accessed 2009-01-17.
  65. ^ a b c d e Bagemihl (1999), page 666
  66. ^ Tatarnic1 et al., 22 March 2006
  67. ^ a b c d eastward f yard h i j thou Bagemihl (1999) folio 660
  68. ^ a b Bagemihl (1999) folio 667
  69. ^ a b c Bagemihl (1999) pages 704, 713
  70. ^ a b c d e Bagemihl (1999) pages 150, 232, 236, 246
  71. ^ a b c Bagemihl (1999) pages 33–34, 196, 217, 219, 232
  72. ^ Bagemihl (1999) folio 668
  73. ^ a b c Bagemihl (1999) folio 666
  74. ^ Bagemihl (1999) page 595
  75. ^ a b Bagemihl (1999) pages 9, 649, 665
  76. ^ Bagemihl (1999) page 658
  77. ^ Bagemihl (1999) page 3
  78. ^ Kureck, I. Thou.; Neumann, A.; Foitzik, Due south. (2011). "Wingless ant males adjust mate-guarding behaviour to the competitive situation in the nest". Brute Behaviour. 82 (2): 339–346. doi:ten.1016/j.anbehav.2011.05.008. S2CID 53164955.
  79. ^ a b c d Bagemihl (1999) folio 232
  80. ^ a b Bagemihl (1999) pages 666, 660
  81. ^ Bagemihl (1999) pages 661–2
  82. ^ Bagemihl (1999) page 661
  83. ^ a b c d e f 1000 h i j k l m Bagemihl (1999), pages 661–2
  84. ^ Bagemihl (1999), page 659
  85. ^ Bagemihl (1999), page 661
  86. ^ Zimmer (2000)
  87. ^ a b Bagemihl (1999) folio 657
  88. ^ a b c Bagemihl (1999) pages 236, 704, 713
  89. ^ Bagemihl (1999), pages 668, 667

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_animals_displaying_homosexual_behavior

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